This is a complex and sometimes challenging area of dentistry.
The human mouth hosts a diverse population of bacteria, which regrows as plaque between brushings. Plaque mainly consists of Streptococcus mutans, a generally mild aerobic bacterium that adheres to the mouth by forming a sticky layer from saliva.
However, problems arise when plaque builds up to a point where oxygen is depleted in deeper layers, especially around the gumline. These areas become anaerobic, creating an ideal environment for bacteria that can irritate gum tissue, leading to inflammation. Over time, this inflammation can form “pockets” around the tooth where anaerobic bacteria thrive, causing the surrounding bone to erode and, ultimately, tooth loss.
While anyone can develop gum disease with inadequate plaque control, some individuals are genetically predisposed, as their gums are more sensitive to toxins produced by anaerobic bacteria. For these patients, consistent preventive care is essential to maintain plaque control and remove tartar early.
Research also shows links between chronic gum disease and heart disease, with ongoing studies exploring connections to other conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. Maintaining good gum health is important not only for preventing tooth loss but also for supporting overall health.